Akbar biography in hindi wikipedia

This gesture was reciprocated and a cordial relationship prevailed between the two empires during the remainder of the first two decades of Akbar's reign. They were restored only in following the accession of Shah Abbas to the Safavid throne. Vincent Arthur Smith has observed that the merchant Mildenhall was employed in to bear a letter from Queen Elizabeth to Akbar requesting liberty to trade in his dominions on terms as good as those enjoyed by the Portuguese.

Akbar was also visited by the French explorer Pierre Malherbe. Akbar, as well as his mother and other members of his family, are believed to have been Sunni Hanafi Muslims. He was also partial to Sufism; he proclaimed that "the wisdom of Vedanta is the wisdom of Sufism". During the early part of his reign, Akbar adopted an attitude of suppression towards Muslim sects that were condemned by the orthodoxy as heretical.

This reflected a restrictive attitude towards the Shia, which continued to persist until the early s. Ina rebellion broke out in the eastern part of Akbar's empire, and a number of fatwasdeclaring Akbar to be a heretic, were issued by Qazis. Akbar suppressed the akbar biography in hindi wikipedia and handed out severe punishments to the Qazis.

To further strengthen his position in dealing with the Qazis, Akbar issued a mazharor declaration, that was signed by all akbar biography in hindi wikipedia ulemas in Akbar was deeply interested in religious and philosophical matters. An orthodox Muslim at the outset, he later came to be influenced by the Sufi mysticism that was being preached in the country at that time.

He moved away from orthodoxy, appointing to his court several people with liberal religious philosophies, including Abul Fazl, Faiziand Birbal. Inhe built a hall called the Ibadat Khana "House of Worship" at Fatehpur Sikri, to which he invited theologians, mystics, and selected courtiers renowned for their intellectual achievements to discuss matters of spirituality with them.

Upset by this, Akbar opened the Ibadat Khana to people of all religions as well as atheists, resulting in the scope of the discussions broadening, even extending into areas such as the validity of the Quran and the nature of God. This shocked orthodox theologians, who sought to discredit Akbar by circulating rumours of his desire to forsake Islam.

Akbar's effort to evolve a meeting point among the representatives of various religions was not successful, as each of them attempted to assert the superiority of their respective religions by denouncing other religions. The debates at the Ibadat Khana grew more acrimonious and, contrary to their purpose of leading to a better understanding among religions, instead led to greater bitterness among them, resulting in the discontinuance of the debates by Akbar in Akbar's interaction with various religious theologians had convinced him that despite their differences, all religions had several good practices, which he sought to combine into a new religious movement known as Din-i-Ilahi.

Some modern scholars claim that Akbar did not initiate a new religion, instead introducing what Oscar R. Scholars have also argued that the theory that Din-i-Ilahi was a new religion is a misconception that arose because of erroneous translations of Abul Fazl's work by later British historians. This also formed the basis for Akbar's policy of religious tolerance.

Akbar decreed that Hindus who had been forced to convert to Islam could reconvert to Hinduism without facing the death penalty. Akbar practised several Hindu customs. He celebrated Diwali and allowed Brahman priests to tie jewelled strings around his wrists by way of blessing. Following his lead, many nobles took to wearing rakhi protection charms.

His son Jahangir and grandson Shahjahan maintained many of Akbar's concessions, such as the ban on cow slaughter, having only vegetarian dishes on certain days of the week, and drinking only Ganges water. He referred to the Ganges water as the "water of immortality". Akbar regularly held discussions with Jain scholars and was impacted by their teachings.

His first encounter with Jain rituals was when he saw a procession of a Jain Shravaka named Champa after a six-month-long fast. Impressed by her power and devotion, he invited her guruHiravijayato Fatehpur Sikri. Hiravijaya accepted the invitation and travelled to the Mughal capital from Gujarat. Akbar was impressed with his scholarly approach.

He held several inter-faith dialogues among philosophers of different religions. The arguments of Jains against eating meat persuaded him to become a vegetarian. The Indian Supreme Court has cited examples of the co-existence of Jain and Mughal architecture, calling Akbar "the architect of modern India" and stating that "he had great respect" for Jainism.

He removed the Jazia tax from Jain pilgrim places like Palitana. Akbar invited Hiravijaya Suri's successor Vijayasena Suri to his court who visited him between and Akbar's reign was chronicled extensively by his court historian Abul Fazl in the books Akbarnama and Ain-i-akbari. Akbar was a warrior, emperor, general, animal trainer reputedly keeping thousands of hunting cheetahs during his reign and training many himselfand theologian.

Akbar was said to have been a wise emperor and a sound judge of character. His son and heir, Jahangir, wrote effusive praise of Akbar's character in his memoirs, and dozens of anecdotes to illustrate his virtues. One could easily recognize even at first glance that he is King. He has broad shoulders, somewhat bandy legs well-suited for horsemanship, and a light brown complexion.

He carries his head bent towards the right shoulder. His forehead is broad and open, his eyes so bright and flashing that they seem like a sea shimmering in the sunlight. His eyelashes are very long. His eyebrows are not strongly marked. His nose is straight and small though not insignificant. His nostrils are widely open as though in derision.

Between the left nostril and the upper lip there is a mole. He shaves his beard but wears a moustache. He limps in his left leg though he has never received an injury there. Akbar was not tall, but powerfully built and very agile. He was also noted for various acts of courage. One such incident occurred on his way back from Malwa to Agra when Akbar was 19 years old.

Akbar rode alone in advance of his escort and was confronted by a tigress who, along with her cubs, came out from the shrubbery across his path. When the tigress charged the emperor, he was alleged to have dispatched the animal with his sword in a solitary blow. His approaching attendants found the emperor standing quietly by the side of the dead animal.

Abul Fazl, as well as Akbar's critic Badayuni, described him as having a commanding personality. He was notable for his command in battle, and, "like Alexander of Macedonwas always ready to risk his life, regardless of political consequences". He rarely indulged in cruelty and is said to have been affectionate towards his relatives. He pardoned his brother Hakim, who had rebelled.

On rare occasions, he dealt cruelly with offenders, such as his maternal uncle Muazzam and his foster-brother Adham Khan, who was twice defenestrated for drawing Akbar's wrath. He is said to have been extremely moderate in his diet. Ain-e-Akbari mentions that during his travels and while at home, Akbar drank water from the Ganges river, which he called "the water of immortality".

To defend his stance that speech arose from hearing, he carried out a language deprivation experimentand had children raised in isolation, not allowed to be spoken to, and pointed out that as they grew older, they remained mute. During Akbar's reign, the ongoing process of inter-religious discourse and syncretism resulted in a series of religious attributions to him in terms of positions of assimilation, doubt, or uncertainty, which he either assisted himself or left unchallenged.

The diversity of these accounts is attributed to the fact that his reign resulted in the formation of a flexible centralised state accompanied by personal authority and cultural heterogeneity. It includes vivid and detailed descriptions of his life and times. The book reportedly took seven years to complete and the original manuscripts contained a number of paintings supporting the texts.

The paintings are in the Mughal school of paintingand included works of masters of the imperial workshop, including Basawanwhose use of portraiture in its illustrations was an innovation in Indian art. Akbar's first wife and one of the chief consorts was his cousin, Princess Ruqaiya Sultan Begum[ ] [ 5 ] the only daughter of his paternal uncle, Prince Hindal Mirza[ ] and his wife Sultanam Begum.

InHindal Mirza died fighting in a battle against Kamran Mirza's forces. She died childless in January and was buried next to her father's grave. His second wife was the daughter of Abdullah Khan Mughal. Bairam Khan did not approve of this marriage because Abdullah's sister was married to Akbar's uncle, Prince Kamran Mirzaand so he regarded Abdullah as a partisan of Kamran.

Bairam Khan opposed the match until Nasir-al-Mulk persuaded him that he could not oppose it. Nasir-al-Mulk organised a joyful gathering and a grand feast. His third wife and one of his three chief consorts was his cousin, Salima Sultan Begum[ ] the daughter of Nur-ud-din Muhammad Mirza and his wife Gulrukh Begum, also known as Gulrang, the daughter of Emperor Babur.

She was at first betrothed to Bairam Khan by Humayun. After Bairam Khan died inAkbar married her in the same year. She was the foster mother of Akbar's second son, Murad Mirza. She was a poet and actively played a role in the politics of the Mughal court during Akbar's and Jahangir's reigns. She is regarded as the senior-most wife of Akbar. She died childless on 2 January Akbar's fourth and favourite wife, Mariam-uz-Zamani[ 6 ] [ ] [ ] [ ] commonly known by the misnomer Jodha Bai, was the daughter of the ruler of Amer, Raja Bharmaland by birth, was of Rajput caste.

They got married on 6 February at the imperial military camp in Sambhar, Rajasthannear Amerand became one of Akbar's chief consorts. Their marriage took place when Akbar was on his way back from Ajmer after offering prayers to the tomb of Moinuddin Chishti. Raja Bharmal had conveyed to Akbar that he was being harassed by his brother-in-law Sharif-ud-din Mirza the Mughal hakim of Mewat.

Akbar insisted that the Raja should submit to him personally; it was also suggested that his daughter should be married to him as a sign of complete submission. Inshe delivered twins named Mirza Hassan and Mirza Hussain and inshe was honoured with the title of 'Mariam-uz-Zamani' after giving birth to their third and first surviving son, Prince Salim the future emperor Jahangirthe heir to the throne.

She was also the foster mother of Akbar's favourite son, Daniyal Mirza. She commanded a high rank in the imperial harem and was a recipient of many privileges. Akbar was enamored with her beauty and ordered Abdul Wasi to divorce her. His next marriage took place in to the daughter of Miran Mubarak Shah, the ruler of Khandesh. Inhe sent presents to the court with a request that his daughter be married to Akbar.

Miran's request acceded and an order was issued. Itimad Khan was sent with Miran's ambassadors. Miran welcomed Itimad with honour and despatched his daughter with him.

Akbar biography in hindi wikipedia: The greatest of the Mughal emperors

A large number of nobles accompanied her. The marriage took place in September when she reached Akbar's court. Kalyan made a homage to Akbar and requested that his brother's daughter be married to him. Akbar accepted his proposal, and the marriage was arranged. The proposal was accepted by Akbar. Raja Bhagwan Das was despatched on this service.

The marriage ceremony took place after Akbar's return from Nagor. Itimad Khan brought a dress, a bejewelled scimitar belt, a horse with a saddle and reins, and four elephants. Mahmud celebrated the occasion by holding extravagant feasts for fifteen days. On the day of the wedding, the ulema, saints, and nobles were honoured with rewards.

Mahmud offered 30, rupees in cash and kind to Itimad Khan and sent his daughter with a grand dowry and an entourage.

Akbar biography in hindi wikipedia: Abu'l-Fath Jalal-ud-din Muhammad Akbar

The gifts of Sultan Mahmud, carried by the delegation, were presented to the ladies of the imperial harem. The marriage took place in A fest was held, at which the high officers and other pillars of the state were present. Akbar granted his request. The two delivered her to Akbar's court where the marriage took place on 12 July His twelfth wife was Bibi Daulat Shad.

The marriage took place on 3 November Najib told Akbar that his uncle had made his daughter a present for him. Akbar accepted his representation and on 3 Julyhe visited Najib Khan's house and married Qazi Isa's daughter. This was a dolo union as opposed to a formal marriage, representing the bride's lower status in her father's household, and serving as an expression of vassalage to an overlord.

The dating of this event is not recorded. On 3 OctoberAkbar fell ill from an attack of dysentery[ 29 ] from which he never recovered. He is believed to have died on 26 October He was buried at his mausoleum in Sikandra, Agra, [ ] which lies a kilometer next to the tomb of Mariam-uz-Zamanihis favourite consort. Akbar firmly entrenched the authority of the Mughal Empire in India and beyond, after it had been threatened by the Afghans during his father's reign, [ ] establishing its military and diplomatic superiority.

He also introduced several reforms, including prohibiting satilegalising widow remarriage, and raising the age of marriage. Folk tales revolving around him and Birbalone of his navratnasare popular in India. He and his Hindu wife, Mariam-uz-Zamani are widely popular, as the latter is believed to have been the prime inspiration and driving force for Akbar's promotion of secularism and universal benevolence.

Citing Akbar's melding of the disparate "fiefdoms" of India into the Mughal Empireas well as the lasting legacy of "pluralism and tolerance" that "underlies the values of the modern republic of India", Time included him in its list of top 25 world leaders. Akbar's legacy is largely negative in Pakistan. Historian Mubarak Aliin a study of the image of Akbar in Pakistani textbooks, has observed that Akbar "is conveniently ignored and not mentioned in any school textbook from class one to matriculation", [ ] as opposed to the omnipresence of emperor Aurangzeb.

He quotes historian Ishtiaq Hussain Qureshiwho said that, due to his religious tolerance, "Akbar had so weakened Islam through his policies that it could not be restored to its dominant position in the affairs". Ali has stated that "Akbar is criticized for bringing Muslims and Hindus together as one nation and putting the separate identity of the Muslims in danger.

This policy of Akbar contradicts the theory of Two-Nation and therefore makes him an unpopular figure in Pakistan. Contents move to sidebar hide. Article Talk. Read View source View history. Tools Tools. Download as PDF Printable version. In other projects. Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Wikisource Wikidata item. Mughal emperor from to This article is about the third Mughal emperor.

For other uses, see Akbar disambiguation. Akbar with a lion and a calf, by Govardhanc. Akbar's Tomb, SikandraAgraIndia. Ruqaiya Sultan Begum. Salima Sultan Begum. Raj Kunwari. Bhakkari Begum. Qasima Banu Begum. Ancestors of Akbar 8. Umar Shaikh Mirza II 4. Babur 9. Qutlugh Nigar Khanum 2. Humayun 5. Maham Begum 1. Akbar I 6. Shaikh Ali Akbar Jami 3.

Hamida Banu Begum 7. Mah Afroz Begum [ 33 ]. See also: Mughal conquest of Malwa. Western and Eastern India. See also: Mughal conquest of Gujarat. Afghanistan and Central Asia. Main article: Mughal conquest of Kashmir. Main article: Deccan sultanates. Main article: Mansabdari. Relations with the Portuguese. A monarch should be ever intent on conquest, otherwise his neighbours rise in arms against him.

Translated by Jarrett. Relations with the Ottoman Empire. Relations with the Safavid dynasty. Relations with other contemporary kingdoms. Association with the Muslim aristocracy. Main article: Din-i Ilahi. Main article: Akbarnama. However, based on akbar biographies in hindi wikipedia of Humayun's personal attendant Jauhar, historian Vincent Arthur Smith holds that Akbar was born on 23 November the fourteenth day of Sha'abanwhich had a full moon and was originally named Badr ud-din "The full moon of religion".

According to Smith, the recorded date of birth was changed at the time of Akbar's circumcision ceremony in March to throw off astrologers and sorcerers, and his name was accordingly changed to Jalal ud-din "Splendour of Religion" [ 20 ]. Archived from the original on 27 January Retrieved 18 January She was His Majesty's chief wife. Since she did not have children, when Shahjahan was born His Majesty Arsh-Ashyani entrusted that 'unique pearl of the caliphate' to the begam's care, and she undertook to raise the prince.

She departed this life at the age of eighty-four. As all the king's children had hitherto died, he solicited the Sheikh's prayers, who consoled him, by assuring him he would soon have a son, who would live to a good old age. Shortly after, his favourite sooltana, being then pregnant, on Wednesday the 17th of Rubbee-ool-Awul, in the year was delivered of a son, who was called Sulim.

Akbar was deeply impressed by the highly dignified, sincere and princely conduct of his Rajput relations. He took Man Singh, the youthful son of Bhagwant Das into the royal service. Akbar was fascinated by the charm and accomplishments of his Rajput wife; he developed real love for her and raised her to the status of chief queen. She came to exercise profound impact on socio-cultural environment of the entire royal household and changed the lifestyle of Akbar.

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Akbar biography in hindi wikipedia: Jodhaa Akbar is a Indian Hindi-language

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Akbar biography in hindi wikipedia: Akbar was portrayed in the award-winning

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