Stephen hawking biography shqiptv

Hawking was born in Oxford into a family of physicians. In Octoberat the age of 17, he began his university education at University College, Oxfordwhere he received a first-class BA degree in physics. In Octoberhe began his graduate work at Trinity Hall, Cambridgewhere, in Marchhe obtained his PhD in applied mathematics and theoretical physics, specialising in general relativity and cosmology.

Inat age 21, Hawking was diagnosed with an early-onset slow-progressing form of motor neurone disease that gradually, over decades, paralysed him. Hawking's scientific works included a collaboration with Roger Penrose on gravitational singularity theorems in the framework of general relativity, and the theoretical prediction that black holes emit radiation, often called Hawking radiation.

Initially, Hawking radiation was controversial. By the late s, and following the publication of further research, the discovery was widely accepted as a major breakthrough in theoretical physics. Hawking was the first to set out a theory of cosmology explained by a union of the general theory of relativity and quantum mechanics. Hawking was a vigorous supporter of the many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics.

Hawking achieved commercial success with several works of popular science in which he discussed his theories and cosmology in general. Hawking was a Fellow of the Royal Societya lifetime member of the Pontifical Academy of Sciencesand a recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedomthe highest civilian award in the United States. He died in at the age of 76, having lived more than 50 years following his diagnosis of motor neurone disease.

Inwhen Hawking's father became head of the division of parasitology at the National Institute for Medical Researchthe family moved to St AlbansHertfordshire. He later blamed its " progressive methods " for his failure to learn to read while at the school. At that time, younger boys could attend one of the houses. Hawking attended two private i.

His family could not afford the school fees without the financial aid of a scholarship, so Hawking remained at St Albans. Although known at school as "Einstein", Hawking was not initially successful academically. As it was not possible to read mathematics there at the time, Hawking decided to study physics and chemistry. Despite his headmaster's advice to wait until the next year, Hawking was awarded a scholarship after taking the examinations in March Hawking began his university education at University College, Oxford[ 27 ] in October at the age of He developed into a popular, lively and witty college member, interested in classical music and science fiction.

These unimpressive study habits made sitting his finals a challenge, and he decided to answer only theoretical physics questions rather than those requiring factual knowledge. A first-class degree was a condition of acceptance for his planned graduate study in cosmology at the University of Cambridge. Hawking was concerned that he was viewed as a lazy and difficult student.

So, when asked at the viva to describe his plans, he said, "If you award me a First, I will go to Cambridge. Hawking's first year as a doctoral student was difficult. He was initially disappointed to find that he had been assigned Dennis William Sciamaone of the founders of modern cosmology, as a supervisor rather than the noted astronomer Fred Hoyle[ 70 ] [ 71 ] and he found his training in mathematics inadequate for work in general relativity and cosmology.

Although Hawking had difficulty walking unsupported, and his speech was almost unintelligible, an initial diagnosis that he had only two years to live proved unfounded. With Sciama's encouragement, he returned to his work. When Hawking began his doctoral stephens hawking biography shqiptv, there was much debate in the physics community about the prevailing theories of the creation of the universe: the Big Bang and Steady State theories.

In his work, and in collaboration with Penrose, Hawking extended the singularity theorem concepts first explored in his doctoral thesis. This included not only the existence of singularities but also the theory that the universe might have started as a singularity. Their joint essay was the runner-up in the Gravity Research Foundation competition.

InHawking postulated what became known as the second law of black hole dynamicsthat the event horizon of a black hole can never get smaller. Bardeen and Brandon Carterhe proposed the four laws of black hole mechanicsdrawing an analogy with thermodynamics. Robinson strongly supported Wheeler's no-hair theoremone that states that no matter what the original material from which a black hole is created, it can be completely described by the properties of masselectrical charge and rotation.

Beginning inHawking moved into the study of quantum gravity and quantum mechanics. His results, which Hawking presented fromshowed that black holes emit radiation, known today as Hawking radiationwhich may continue until they exhaust their energy and evaporate. By the late s and following the publication of further research, the discovery was widely accepted as a significant breakthrough in theoretical physics.

At the time, he was one of the youngest scientists to become a Fellow. He worked with a friend on the faculty, Kip Thorne[ ] [ 6 ] and engaged him in a scientific wager about whether the X-ray source Cygnus X-1 was a black hole. The wager was an "insurance policy" against the proposition that black holes did not exist. Hawking returned to Cambridge in to a more academically senior post, as reader in gravitational physics.

The mid-to-late s were a period of growing public interest in black holes and the physicists who were studying them. Hawking was regularly interviewed for print and television. This information paradox violates the fundamental tenet of quantum mechanics, and led to years of debate, including " the Black Hole War " with Leonard Susskind and Gerard 't Hooft.

Cosmological inflation — a theory proposing that following the Big Bang, the universe initially expanded incredibly rapidly before settling down to a slower expansion — was proposed by Alan Guth and also developed by Andrei Linde. In at a Vatican conference, he presented work suggesting that there might be no boundary — or beginning or ending — to the universe.

Hawking subsequently developed the research in collaboration with Jim Hartle[ 6 ] and in they published a model, known as the Hartle—Hawking state. It proposed that prior to the Planck epochthe universe had no boundary in space-time; before the Big Bang, time did not exist and the concept of the beginning of the universe is meaningless. One cannot travel north of the North Pole, but there is no boundary there — it is simply the point where all north-running lines meet and end.

As Hawking explained, "If the universe has no boundaries but is self-contained Hawking did not rule out the existence of a Creator, asking in A Brief History of Time "Is the unified theory so compelling that it brings about its own existence? In the same book he suggested that the existence of God was not necessary to explain the origin of the universe.

Later discussions with Neil Turok led to the realisation that the existence of God was also compatible with an open universe. Further work by Hawking in the area of arrows of time led to the publication of a paper theorising that if the no-boundary proposition were correct, then when the universe stopped expanding and eventually collapsed, time would run backwards.

One of the first messages Hawking produced with his speech-generating device was a request for his assistant to help him finish writing A Brief History of Time. Media attention was intense, [ ] and a Newsweek magazine-cover and a television special both described him as "Master of the Universe". He received further academic recognition, including five more honorary degrees, [ ] the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society[ ] the Paul Dirac Medal [ ] and, jointly with Penrose, the prestigious Wolf Prize Hawking pursued his work in physics: in he co-edited a book on Euclidean stephen hawking biography shqiptv gravity with Gary Gibbons and published a collected edition of his own articles on black holes and the Big Bang.

Hawking had bet that Penrose's proposal of a "cosmic censorship conjecture" — that there could be no "naked singularities" unclothed within a horizon — was correct. After discovering his concession might have been premature, a new and more refined wager was made. This one specified that such singularities would occur without extra conditions.

Since this contradicted the quantum mechanics of microcausality, quantum mechanics theory would need to be rewritten. Preskill argued the opposite, that since quantum mechanics suggests that the information emitted by a black hole relates to information that fell in at an earlier time, the concept of black holes given by general relativity must be modified in some way.

Hawking also maintained his public profile, including bringing science to a wider audience. Hawking had wanted the film to be scientific rather than biographical, but he was persuaded otherwise. The film, while a critical success, was not widely released. As Hawking insisted, this time the focus was entirely on science. Hawking continued his writings for a popular audience, publishing The Universe in a Nutshell in[ ] and A Briefer History of Timewhich he wrote in with Leonard Mlodinow to update his earlier works with the aim of making them accessible to a wider audience, and God Created the Integerswhich appeared in In doing so, the theory suggests a possible resolution of the fine-tuning question.

Hawking continued to travel widely, including trips to Chile, Easter IslandSouth Africa, Spain to receive the Fonseca Prize in[ ] [ ] Canada, [ ] and numerous trips to the United States.

Stephen hawking biography shqiptv: Whyyyyy? The Real Story!

Byconsensus among physicists was growing that Hawking was wrong about the loss of information in a black hole. As part of another longstanding scientific dispute, Hawking had emphatically argued, and bet, that the Higgs boson would never be found. Hawking and Higgs engaged in a heated and public debate over the matter in and again inwith Higgs criticising Hawking's work and complaining that Hawking's "celebrity status gives him instant credibility that others do not have".

Hawking quickly conceded that he had lost his bet [ ] [ ] and said that Higgs should win the Nobel Prize for Physics[ ] which he did in InHawking and his daughter Lucy published George's Secret Key to the Universea children's book designed to explain theoretical physics in an accessible fashion and featuring characters similar to those in the Hawking family.

Several buildings have been named after him, including the Stephen W. During his career, Hawking supervised 39 successful PhD students. On 28 Juneas a tongue-in-cheek test of his conjecture that travel into the past is effectively impossible, Hawking held a party open to all, complete with hors d'oeuvres and iced champagne, but publicised the party only after it was over so that only time-travellers would know to attend; as expected, nobody showed up to the party.

On 20 JulyHawking helped launch Breakthrough Initiativesan effort to search for extraterrestrial life. In AugustHawking said that not all information is lost when something enters a black hole and there might be a possibility to retrieve information from a black hole according to his theory. Hawking's final paper — A smooth exit from eternal inflation?

Hawking met his future wife, Jane Wildeat a party in The following year, Hawking was diagnosed with motor neurone disease. In Octoberthe couple became engaged to marry, aware of the potential challenges that lay ahead due to Hawking's shortened life expectancy and physical limitations. During their first years of marriage, Jane lived in London during the week as she completed her degree at Westfield College.

They travelled to the United States several times for conferences and physics-related visits. The couple had three children: Robert, born May[ ] [ ] Lucyborn November[ ] and Timothy, born April Hawking rarely discussed his illness and physical challenges—even, in a precedent set during their stephen hawking biography shqiptv, with Jane.

Hawking accepted, and Bernard Carr travelled with them as the first of many students who fulfilled this role. Hawking returned to Cambridge in to a new home and a new job, as reader. Don Pagewith whom Hawking had begun a close friendship at Caltech, arrived to work as the live-in graduate student assistant. With Page's help and that of a secretary, Jane's responsibilities were reduced so she could return to her doctoral thesis and her new interest in singing.

Hellyer Jones became close to the Hawking family and, by the mids, he and Jane had developed romantic feelings for each other. By the s, Hawking's marriage had been strained for many years. Jane felt overwhelmed by the intrusion into their family life of the required nurses and assistants. In the late s, Hawking grew close to one of his nurses, Elaine Mason, to the dismay of some colleagues, caregivers, and family members, who were disturbed by her strength of personality and protectiveness.

InJane Hawking published a memoir, Music to Move the Starsdescribing her marriage to Hawking and its breakdown. Its revelations caused a sensation in the media but, as was his usual practice regarding his personal life, Hawking made no public comment except to say that he did not read biographies about himself. InHawking and Mason quietly divorced, [ ] [ ] and Hawking resumed closer relationships with Jane, his children, and his grandchildren.

Hawking had a rare early-onset, slow-progressing form of motor neurone disease MND; also known as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ALS or Lou Gehrig's diseasea fatal neurodegenerative disease that affects the motor neurones in the brain and spinal cord, which gradually paralysed him over decades. Hawking had experienced increasing clumsiness during his final year at Oxford, including a fall on some stairs and difficulties when rowing.

His family noticed the changes when he returned home for Christmas, and medical investigations were begun. At the time, doctors gave him a life expectancy of two years. In the late s, Hawking's physical abilities declined: he began to use crutches and could no longer give lectures regularly. He preferred to be regarded as "a scientist first, popular science writer second, and, in all the ways that matter, a normal human being with the stephen hawking biography shqiptv desires, drives, dreams, and ambitions as the next person".

I've called it both at one time or another. When Hawking first began using a wheelchair he was using standard motorised models. Hawking used a variety of different chairs from that time, including a DragonMobility Dragon elevating powerchair fromas shown in the April photo of Hawking attending NASA's 50th anniversary; [ ] a Permobil C from ; and then a Permobil F3 from Hawking's speech deteriorated, and by the late s he could be understood by only his family and closest friends.

To communicate with others, someone who knew him well would interpret his speech into intelligible speech. During a visit to CERN on the border of France and Switzerland in mid, Hawking contracted pneumoniawhich in his condition was life-threatening; he was so ill that Jane was asked if life support should be terminated. She refused, but the consequence was a tracheotomywhich required round-the-clock nursing care and caused the loss of what remained of his speech.

Stephen hawking biography shqiptv: shqiptv #muzikeshqip #tvshqip #shqippodcast #emisionshqip English

The cost of the care was funded by an American foundation. One of those employed was Elaine Mason, who was to become Hawking's second wife. For his communication, Hawking initially raised his eyebrows to choose letters on a spelling card[ ] but in he received a computer program called the "Equalizer" from Walter Woltosz, CEO of Words Plus, who had developed an earlier version of the software to help his mother-in-law, who also had ALS and had lost her ability to speak and write.

Elaine Mason's husband, David, a computer engineer, adapted a small computer and attached it to his wheelchair. Released from the need to use somebody to interpret his stephen hawking biography shqiptv, Hawking commented that "I can communicate better now than before I lost my voice. Hawking gradually lost the use of his hand, and in he began to control his communication device with movements of his cheek muscles, [ ] [ ] [ ] with a rate of about one word per minute.

After several prototypes that did not perform as planned, they settled on an adaptive word predictor made by the London-based startup SwiftKeywhich used a system similar to his original technology. Hawking had an easier time adapting to the new system, which was further developed after inputting large amounts of Hawking's papers and other written materials and uses predictive software similar to other smartphone keyboards.

Byhe could no longer drive his wheelchair independently, but the same people who created his new typing mechanics were working on a method to drive his chair using movements made by his chin. This proved difficult, since Hawking could not move his neck, and trials showed that while he could indeed drive the chair, the movement was sporadic and jumpy.

Starting in the s, Hawking accepted the mantle of role model for disabled people, lecturing and participating in fundraising activities. In AugustHawking narrated the "Enlightenment" segment of the Summer Paralympics opening ceremony in London. As he had pneumonia inhe was advised not to have ice poured over him, but his children volunteered to accept the challenge on his behalf.

In lateHawking revealed in a BBC interview that one of his greatest unfulfilled desires was to travel to space. Besides personal ambition, he was motivated by the desire to increase public interest in spaceflight and to show the potential of people with disabilities. Hawking died at his home in Cambridge on 14 Marchat the age of Inscribed on his memorial stone are the words "Here lies what was mortal of Stephen Hawking —" and his most famed equation.

Hawking's final broadcast interview, about the detection of gravitational waves resulting from the collision of two neutron starsoccurred in October In Marchit was announced that the Royal Mint would issue a commemorative 50p coinonly available as a commemorative edition, [ ] in honour of Hawking. In May it was announced that an Acceptance-in-Lieu agreement between HMRC, the Department for Culture, Media and Sport, Cambridge University Library, Science Museum Group, and the Hawking Estate, would see around 10, pages of Hawking's scientific and other papers remain in Cambridge, while objects including his wheelchairs, speech synthesisers, and personal memorabilia from his former Cambridge office would be housed at the Science Museum.

He believed that philosophers "have not kept up with modern developments in science", "have not taken science sufficiently seriously and so Philosophy is no longer relevant to knowledge claims", "their art is dead" and that scientists "have become the bearers of the torch of discovery in our quest for knowledge ". He said that philosophical problems can be answered by science, particularly new scientific theories which "lead us to a new and very different picture of the universe and our place in it".

InHawking posed an open question on the Internet: "In a world that is in chaos politically, socially and environmentally, how can the human race sustain another years? That is why I asked the question, to get people to think about it, and to be aware of the dangers we now face. Hawking expressed concern that life on Earth is at risk from a sudden nuclear war, a genetically engineered virus, global warmingan asteroid collisionor other dangers humans have not yet thought of.

Hawking stated that, given the vastness of the universe, aliens likely exist, but that contact with them should be avoided. In he said, "If aliens visit us, the outcome would be much as when Columbus landed in America, which didn't turn out well for the Native Americans. Hawking warned that superintelligent artificial intelligence could be pivotal in steering humanity's fate, stating that "the potential benefits are huge Success in creating AI would be the biggest event in human history.

It might also be the last, unless we learn how to avoid the risks. A super-intelligent AI will be extremely good at accomplishing its goals, and if those goals aren't aligned with ours, we're in trouble". Hawking was concerned about the future emergence of a race of "superhumans" that would be able to design their own evolution [ ] and, as well, argued that computer viruses in today's world should be considered a new form of life, stating that "maybe it says something about stephen hawking biography shqiptv nature, that the only form of life we have created so far is purely destructive.

Talk about creating life in our own image. Hawking was an atheist. We are each free to believe what we want and it is my view that the simplest explanation is there is no God. No one created the universe and no one directs our fate. This leads me to a profound realisation. There is probably no heaven, and no afterlife either. We have this one life to appreciate the grand design of the universe, and for that, I am extremely grateful.

Hawking's association with atheism and freethinking was in evidence from his university years onwards, when he had been a member of Oxford University's humanist group. What was Hawking's bold new theory about black holes? As required by Cambridge University regulations, Hawking stepped down from the post of Lucasian Professor of Mathematics when he turned By now, he could no longer use his hand to operate his wheelchair, and could only communicate by moving his cheek muscles to control his speech synthesizer.

However, he announced that he intended to continue working. Unable to take on the administrative responsibilities of most senior scientists, he was able to continue what he did best - thinking. He took up a new post at Cambridge and continued publishing in leading journals. In his best-selling book The Grand Design, Hawking made more bold claims about the hunt for a theory of everything.

Hawking backed a radical new idea: M-theory. It predicts that there are many universes, and that there is no theory of everything to describe our particular Universe. Instead the laws of physics are different in different universes; ours happens to one in which the conditions are right for life. M-theory's conclusions were unpalatable to many who had spent their lives searching for a theory of everything, and some physicists dismiss M-theory as little more than speculation.

Brian Cox asks whether our Universe is one of many in a larger multiverse. Jane and Stephen collaborated with the production team, and he allowed his voice to be used on the soundtrack. Hawking himself praised the film and claimed he had trouble distinguishing photographs of his early life from photographs of Redmayne. The film became a lasting testament to Stephen's ability to inspire scientists and the public alike.

In March, Professor Stephen Hawking died. For fifty-five years, he defied a disease that should have killed him in five. The time spent since his diagnosis was not just about survival — he produced all of his world-changing work. His brilliant theories advanced the ideas of Einstein and ushered Hawking into the pantheon of important modern physicists.

His surprise top-selling book and iconic appearance may have introduced and endeared him to the general public, but his ideas on gravity, black holes and the Big Bang will be his greatest legacy. Stephen as a baby, in the arms of his father Frank. Hartle, J. Physical Review D 28 12 : — Physical Review D 72 8 : Contents move to sidebar fshihe.

Artikulli Diskutim. Mjete Mjete. Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Objekt Wikidata. Life in the universe. Medeiros, J. Oxford Union Speech.

Stephen hawking biography shqiptv: Stephen. Hawking. Kids: George Washington: Father

The singularities of gravitational collapse and cosmology. Royal Society Publishing. Join our Space Forums to keep talking space on the latest missions, night sky and more! And if you have a news tip, correction or comment, let us know at: community space. Breaking space news, the latest updates on rocket launches, skywatching events and more! Nola Taylor Tillman is a contributing writer for Space.

She loves all things space and astronomy-related, and enjoys the opportunity to learn more. In her free time, she homeschools her four children. Follow her on Twitter at NolaTRedd. Invisible 'flickering' on the sun could predict potentially dangerous solar flares hours in advance. Open menu Close menu Space Space. Trending Blue Ghost moon lander sees Earth!

Night sky tonight! Jump to: Early life Scientific achievements Books Filmography Quotes and controversial statements Additional resources. Get the Space. Contact me with news and offers from other Future brands Receive email from us on behalf of our trusted partners or sponsors. Nola Taylor Tillman. Social Links Navigation. With contributions from Scott Dutfield Contributor.

More about science astronomy. The 1st monster black hole ever imaged has messy eating habits. Most Popular. NASA wants to launch rockets into northern lights to study 'black auroras'.