Shekhar navarre biography of alberta

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An index to and images of documents recording grants of lands to veterans of World War I. Internet Arcade Console Living Room. Open Library American Libraries. Search the Wayback Machine Search icon An illustration of a magnifying glass. Sign up for free Log in. History of the province of Alberta Bookreader Item Preview. It appears your browser does not have it turned on.

Please see your browser settings for this feature. Search icon An illustration of a magnifying glass. Metropolitan Museum Cleveland Museum of Art. Internet Arcade Console Living Room. Open Library American Libraries. Search the Wayback Machine Search icon An illustration of a magnifying glass. Sign up for free Log in. Indeed, battles over oil poisoned relations with the federal government, especially after The Liberals formed the first government of Alberta and remained in office until After the election ofPremier Alexander C.

Rutherford 's government started work on the governmental infrastructure, especially regarding legal and municipal affairs. Rutherford, a gentleman of the old school, was a weak leader but he was supportive of education, pushing for the establishment of a Provincial University. If Calgary was annoyed when Edmonton was chosen as the capital, [ 25 ] that annoyance grew into outrage in when the University of Alberta was given to Strathcona a suburb that soon was annexed into Edmonton in Talented Conservatives sought their political fortune in national rather than provincial politics, most notably R.

Bennettwho became Prime Minister in Communication was enhanced when a telephone system was set up for the towns and cities. Long-term economic growth was stimulated by the construction through Edmonton of two additional transcontinental railroads, which later became part of the Canadian National Railway. Their main role was to ship people in, and wheat out.

Drawn by cheap farm land and high wheat prices, immigration reached record levels, and the population reachedby Feeling abused by the railroads and the grain elevators, militant farm organizations appeared, notably the United Farmers of Alberta UFAformed in Guided by the ideas of William Irvine and later by Henry Wise Wood, the UFA was intended at first to represent economic interests rather than to act as another political party.

But farmers' dissatisfaction with Liberal provincial policies and Conservative federal policies, combined with falling wheat prices and a railroad scandal, drove the farmers to favour direct politics and the election of shekhar navarre biography of alberta Farmer-oriented MLAs and an MP in the to period opened the door to a general contesting for power in There was an overwhelming UFA landslide in the provincial legislature in Alberta also gave strong support to UFA and Labour candidates in the federal election.

Together they held the balance of power for the minority Liberal and Conservative governments in power for much of the s. John E. Brownlee led the UFA to a second majority government in the election. During his reign, the UFA government repealed prohibition, replacing it with government sale of liquor and heavily regulated privately run bar-rooms, passed a Debt Adjustment Act to help indebted farmers, and aided workers with progressive wage codes.

It abolished the provincial police, passing law enforcement outside of the municipalities to the Royal Canadian Mounted Police. The government bailed out the bankrupt Alberta Wheat Pool in The high point of Brownlee's administration came after long negotiations with the federal government concerning Alberta's natural resources.

Incontrol of these resources was turned over to the province. Hurrying to hold an election before the full effect of the Depression kicked in, Brownlee led the UFA to a third majority government in the election. As he moved to the fiscal right, he alienated socialists and labour groups. In the UFA collapsed politically, and its defeat was in part due to the John Brownlee sex scandal and in part due to the government's inability to raise wheat prices or otherwise mitigate the Great Depression in Canada.

Heavily indebted and operating with slim profit margins, farmers were open to theories of banking and monetary reform that had been kicking around western Canada since the start of commercial farming in the s in western Canada. The UFA leadership were leery of such proposals and farmers turned to William Aberhart 's Social Credit movement as a weapon to do battle against what were seen as grasping bankers and collection agencies.

After the defeat, the UFA pulled back to its economic-activity core purpose, as a chain of co-operative farm-supply stores and farmers' lobby group. The first homesteaders relied on themselves and their neighbours for medical services. Doctors were few. Pioneer healing women used traditional remedies and laxatives. The reliance on homeopathic remedies continued as trained nurses and doctors became more common among the pioneer communities in the early part of the 20th century.

A former nurse, Robinson was elected as president of the Lethbridge Relief Society and began district nursing services aimed at poor women and children. The mission was governed by a volunteer board of women directors and began by raising money for its first year of service through charitable donations and payments from the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company.

The mission also blended social work with nursing, becoming the dispenser of unemployment relief. Richardson examines the social, political, economic, class, and professional factors that contributed to ideological and practical differences between leaders of the Alberta Association of Graduate Nurses AAGNestablished inand the United Farm Women of Alberta UFWAfounded inregarding the promotion and acceptance of midwifery as a recognized subspecialty of registered nurses.

Irene Parlby, the UFWA's first president, lobbied for the establishment of a provincial Department of Public Health, government-provided hospitals and doctors, and passage of a law to permit nurses to qualify as registered midwives. The AAGN leadership opposed midwife certification, arguing that nursing curricula left no room for midwife study, and thus nurses were not qualified to participate in home births.

Thus, Alberta's District Nursing Service, created in to coordinate the province's women's health resources, resulted chiefly from the organized, persistent political activism of UFWA members and only minimally from the actions of professional nursing groups clearly uninterested in rural Canadians' medical needs. The Alberta District Nursing Service administered health care in the predominantly rural and impoverished areas of Alberta in the first half of the 20th century.

Founded in to meet maternal and emergency medical needs by the United Farm Women of Alberta UFWAthe Nursing Service treated prairie settlers living in primitive areas lacking doctors and hospitals. Nurses provided prenatal care, worked as midwives, performed minor surgery, conducted medical inspections of schoolchildren, and sponsored immunization programs.

The post-World War II discovery of large oil and gas reserves resulted in economic prosperity and the expansion of local medical services. The passage of provincial health and universal hospital insurance in precipitated the eventual phasing out of the obsolete District Nursing Service in Because health care was not provided by treaty with the Canadian government, First Nations reserve residents in the early 20th century usually received this service from private groups.

In the s the Canadian government authorized funds for building hospitals on both the Blackfoot and Blood reserves. They emphasized shekhar navarre biography of alberta treatment of tuberculosis through long-term care. There was a strong link between federal Indian health care and the ideology of social reform operating in Canada between the s and Between the s and the Department of Indian Affairs became increasingly involved in Indian health.

With the aim of revealing aspects of the department's Indian health administration in this early period, this article describes the creation and workings of two hospitals on Indian reserves in southern Alberta. The federal government took two main steps in dealing with Indian peoples' health: it built hospitals on reserves, and it created a system of medical officers to staff these facilities.

Before World War IIthe health care system had a number of characteristics: it was a system initially operated by missionaries and later taken over by the Department of Indian Affairs, it was an extensive and decentralized system, the health care services delivered by the system were firmly rooted in Canadian middle-class reformist values and represented an attempt to have these values applied to Indian communities, and, apparently, the system served peoples who were reluctant to use the facilities and services made available to them.

Contrary to the idea that prior to World War II the federal government refused to take responsibility for Indian health in Canada, the development of an Indian health policy and system had already taken place gradually. Assimilation into Canadian culture was the norm for nearly all European immigrants, according to Prokop An important indicator of assimilation was the use of English; the children of all immigrant groups showed a strong preference in favour of speaking English, regardless of their parents' language.

From tothe government faced the formidable task of transforming the ethnically and linguistically diverse immigrant population into loyal and true Canadians. Many officials believed language assimilation by children would be the key to Canadianization. However, there was opposition to the direct method of English teaching from some immigrant spokesmen.

Shekhar navarre biography of alberta: Outside of manufacturing consumer-based

English-language usage in playground games often proved an effective device, and was systematically used. The elementary schools especially in rural Alberta played a central role in the acculturation of the immigrants and their children, providing, according to Prokop, a community character that created a distinctive feature of Canadian schools glaringly missing in the European school tradition.

During the interwar period the various components of the Alberta Woman's Missionary Societies worked tirelessly to maintain traditional Anglo-Protestant family and moral values. Comprising a number of mainstream denominational groups and at one time numbering over five thousand members, the societies actively sought to "Christianize and Canadianize" the substantial numbers of Ukrainian immigrants who settled in the province.

A particular focus was child education, with music activities used as a recruiting tool. Some chapters admitted male members. The movement faded as general society shifted away from religious activities and the conservative fundamentalist movement gained strength. Methodist revivalism in earlyth-century Calgary promoted progress and bourgeois respectability as much as spiritual renewal.

Gale and J. They drew big crowds, but the message was mild and the audience calm and well dressed. Few became church members after the revival was over, however. Working-class attendees probably experienced discomfort among their better-dressed and better-behaved neighbours, and the church leadership maintained strong ties to local business interests but did little to reach out to the lower classes.

The cottage meetings that followed the revival typically took place in middle-class homes. Prohibition of alcoholic drinks was a major political issue, pitting the Anglophone Protestants against most ethnic groups. The Alberta Temperance and Moral Reform League, founded inwas based in Methodist and other Protestant churches and used anti-German themes to pass legislation putting prohibition into effect in July The laws were repealed in The Catholic archbishop of Edmonton, Henry Joseph O'Leary affected the city's Catholic sectors considerably, and his efforts reflect many of the challenges facing the Catholic Church at that time.

Shekhar navarre biography of alberta: University of Alberta Canada Research Intrest/Area:

During the s, O'Leary favoured his fellow Irish and drastically reduced the influence of French Catholic clergy in his archdiocese and replaced them with Anglophone priests. He helped to assimilate Ukrainian Catholic immigrants into the stricter Roman Catholic traditions, extended the viability of Edmonton's separate Catholic school system, and established both a Catholic college at the University of Alberta and a seminary in Edmonton.

In the North-West Territories adopted the Ontario schools' model, emphasizing state-run institutions that glorified not only the English language but English history and customs as well. Alberta continued this model after the province was established. Predominantly francophone communities in Alberta maintained some control of local schools by electing trustees sympathetic to French language and culture.

An additional problem francophone communities faced was the constant shortage of qualified francophone teachers during —35; the majority of those hired left their positions after only a few years of service. After school consolidation largely ignored the language and culture issues of francophones. A key controversy concerning the linguistic rights of ethnic minorities in western Canada was the Ruthenian School Revolt in the Edmonton area.

Ukrainian immigrants, called "Galicians" or "Ruthenians" by Anglo-Celtic Canadians, settled in the vicinity of Edmonton.

Shekhar navarre biography of alberta: The Prairie Provinces A

The attempts by the Ukrainian community to use the Liberal Party to garner political power in districts that were predominantly Ukrainian and introduce bilingual education in those areas, were quashed by party leaders, who blamed a group of teachers for the initiative. As a reprisal, these teachers were labelled "unqualified". The various rebellious actions by Ukrainian residents of the Bukowina school district did not prevent the dismissal of Ukrainian teachers.

By it was clear that bilingual education would not be tolerated in earlyth-century Alberta. Italians arrived in two waves, the first from tothe second after the Second World War. The first arrivals came as temporary and seasonal workers, often returning to southern Italy after a few years. Others became permanent urban dwellers, especially when the First World War prevented international travel.

From the outset they began to affect the cultural and commercial life of the area. As "Little Italy" grew it started to provide essential services for its members, such as a consul and the Order of the Sons of Italy, and an active fascist party provided a means of social organization. Initially the Italians coexisted peacefully with their neighbours, but during World War II they were the victims of prejudice and discrimination to the point that even today Italians in Calgary feel that Canadian society does not reward those who maintain their ethnicity.

An economic crisis engulfed much of rural Alberta in the early s, as wheat prices plunged from their wartime highs and farmers found themselves deep in debt. Wheat was the dominant crop and the tall grain elevator alongside the railway tracks became a crucial element of the Alberta grain trade after It boosted "King Wheat" to regional dominance by integrating the province's economy with the rest of Canada.

Used to efficiently load grain into railroad cars, grain elevators came to be clustered in "lines" and their ownership tended to concentrate in the hands of increasingly fewer companies, many controlled by Americans. The main commercial entities involved in the trade were the Canadian Pacific Railway and the powerful grain syndicates. Many newcomers were unfamiliar with the dry farming techniques need to handle a wheat crop, so The Canadian Pacific Railway CPR set up a demonstration farm at Strathmorein It sold irrigable land and advised settlers in the best farming and irrigation methods.

Recklessness, greed, and overoptimism played a part in the earlyth-century financial crisis on the Canadian wheat frontier. Beginning inthe Palliser Trianglea semiarid region in Alberta and Saskatchewan, suffered a decade of dry years and crop failures that culminated in financial ruin for many of the region's wheat farmers. Overconfidence on the part of farmers, financiers, the Canadian Pacific Railway, and the Canadian government led to land investments and development in the Palliser on an unprecedented and dangerous scale.

A large share of this expansion was funded by mortgage and loan companies in Britain eager to make overseas investments. British money managers were driven by a complex set of global economic forces including a decline in British investment opportunities, excess capital, and massive investment expansion on the Canadian frontier. Reduced grain production in Europe and increased grain production in the prairie provinces also encouraged the export of capital from London.

The mythical image of the Palliser as an abundant region, coupled with a growing confidence in technology, created a false sense of security and stability. Between and British firms lent vast sums to Canadian farmers to plant their wheat crops; only when the drought began in did it become clear that far too much credit had been extended.

The term "mixed farming" better applies to southern Alberta agricultural practices during — than does "ranching". Quickly practices were modified. Hay was planted and cut in summer to provide winter cattle feed; fences were built and repaired to contain winter herds; and dairy cows and barnyard animals were maintained for personal consumption and secondarily for market.

Mixed farming was clearly predominant in southern Alberta by Captain Charles Augustus Lyndon and his wife, Margaret, established one of the first ranches in Alberta in Lyndon homesteaded a site shekhar navarre biography of alberta the Porcupine Hills west of Fort Macleod. They primarily raised cattle but also raised horses for the Royal Canadian Mounted Police for additional income.

Lyndon's herds suffered with others' herds during the hard winter of — He developed an irrigation system and a post office as the district grew during the s. Although Lyndon died inhis family maintained his enterprises until when the ranch was sold. Elofson shows that free-range cattle ranching was much the same in Montana, Southern Alberta, and Southern Saskatchewan.

Four of those ranches, the Cochrane, the Oxley, the Walrond, and the Bar U, demonstrate the complex hierarchies that separated cowboys from cooks and foremen from managers. Ethnic, educational, and age differences further complicated the elaborate social fabric of the corporate ranches. The resulting division of labour and hierarchy permitted Alberta's ranches to function without the direct involvement of investors and owners, most of whom lived in eastern Canada and Britain.

The survival of Alberta's cattle industry was seriously in doubt for most of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. At two points during this time, — and —20, the industry enjoyed great prosperity. The latter boom began when the United States enacted the Underwood Tariff ofallowing Canadian cattle free entry. Exporting Alberta cattle to Chicago markets proved highly profitable for the highest quality livestock.

Bymost stocker and feeder cattle from the Winnipeg stockyards were exported to the United States, harming Canada's domestic beef market. Several factors, including the severe winter of —20, the end of inflated wartime prices for beef, and the reinstitution of the US tariff on Canadian cattle, all contributed to the collapse of the Alberta cattle market.

The boom ultimately worked against Alberta's economic interests because the high prices during that period made it unfeasible to establish local cattle finishing practices. Some ranchers became important entrepreneurs. A rancher and brewer with secondary interests in gas, electricity, and oil, Calgary entrepreneur Alfred Ernest Cross — was a significant agent of modernization in Alberta and the Canadian West.

As with others, his name symbolizes a driving force of enterprise, the pursuit of profit, family-centred capitalism, use of Canada's shekhar navarre biography of alberta Britain's capital markets, and economic progression through reinvestment of earnings. His personal family management developed a family estate that remains significant in Alberta's economy.

Cross is remembered principally for his cattle breeding advances and his dynamism and scientific approach to brewing. Gender roles were sharply defined. Men were primarily responsible for breaking the land; planting and harvesting; building the house; buying, operating and repairing machinery; and handling finances. At first there were many single men on the prairie, or husbands whose wives were still back east, but they had a hard time.

They realized the need for a wife.